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Frontiers and the World Economic Forum collaboration reveals the Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2023 report

The Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2023 report co-published by open access publisher Frontiers and the World Economic Forum has been presented today. The report identifies those technologies poised to have the biggest positive impact on society over the next three to five years. Curated by an international steering group of experts, the technologies were selected from nearly 100 contenders based on criteria including novelty, applicability, depth, and power. As this year’s knowledge partner, Frontiers collaborated with theForum to identify experts from its far-reaching research community to provide further analysis of the technologies. 

For more than a decade, the report has helped business leaders, innovators, policymakers, and other professionals across industries and disciplines anticipate developing technology and understand the associated risks and opportunities. The 2023 report has broadened its scope for the first time, incorporatinga qualitative assessment of how each technology will impact people, the planet, prosperity, industry, and equity. These “impact fingerprints” are based on data gathered from more than 90 experts across 20countries. They offer in-depth analysis of how the technology is predicted to influence society within the nextfive years. The academics were selected from Frontiers’ network of scientific journal editors, while industry leaders were selected from the WEF’s Innovator Communities.

Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2023 will also include a collection of Transformation Maps co-curated by Frontiers for each of the ten technologies:  

Hosted on the Forum’s Strategic Intelligence platform, these maps provide deeper insights and context on how the technology connects to other topics on the global agenda, in addition to highlighting the latest articles on the topic from trusted sources. A total of 15 Frontiers journals contributed to the report, including: 

The release of the report comes during the World Economic Forum’s 14th Annual Meeting of the Champions in Tianjin, People’s Republic of China, taking place 27-29 June 2023. In a return to the tradition of the Forum’s “Summer Davos,” the meeting gathers global leaders from business, government, civil society, international organizations, as well as from among innovators and academics. This year’s theme is ‘Entrepreneurship: The Driving Force of the Global Economy.’  

Frontiers’ chief executive editor, Frederick Fenter, who has served an integral role in the collaboration and is facilitating several sessions in Tianjin, said: “It is part of our mission to bring an actionable understanding of cutting-edge technology to all those in a position to accelerate the research-innovation cycle, including the leaders of business and industry. This report, and the sessions taking place over the next few days, will improve our awareness of ten technologies that promise to breakthrough, thus leading to important new products and services to the benefit of us all. We look forward to ongoing collaborations with the World Economic Forum as we continue to build bridges and open the dialogue among key players in research, industrial innovation, and policymaking.” 

Jeremy Jurgens, managing director of the World Economic Forum and head of the Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, said: “New technologies have the power to disrupt industries, grow economies, improve lives, and safeguard the planet – if designed, scaled, and deployed responsibly. We hope that this year’s report serves as a powerful tool for business leaders and policymakers to unlock the transformative potential of emerging technologies and shape their inclusive adoption.”   

Additional information on the emerging technologies and insights from Frontiers’ network of editors is available in a series of blog posts: 

Springer Nature opens applications for new Researcher in Residence programme

Global publisher Springer Nature has opened applications for a new Researcher in Residence programme. The scheme is part of a number of initiatives undertaken by the publisher to improve representation across the communities they work with and will involve two active researchers working in the London or Berlin office for 10 working days per month for a three month period. 

For the initial pilot, one of the two programme slots available will be reserved for researchers who are from Ukraine, but currently research-active in the UK or Germany. Applications will be open until 23 July 2023.

The programme aims to provide support and resources to early career researchers who are either from communities that are under-represented in the industry or unable to continue their work due to risk in circumstances such as conflict. In turn, Springer Nature teams will have the opportunity to gain better insights into the experience of active researchers. The ambition is to bridge the gap between authors and publishers, ultimately resulting in a better understanding of the publishing ecosystem for all. 

Each Researcher in Residence will have an engagement mentor and a bespoke engagement programme that will both support their research and provide insights into research publishing. They will gain unique insights into the publishing environment, contribute to a researcher diary blog and have access to tools and systems to undertake bibliometric, scientometric or other research to enhance their own work.

Henning Schoenenberger, VP on Content Innovation at Springer Nature, said: “Springer Nature has made a commitment to champion diversity, equity and inclusion across the research publishing landscape. The residency programme offers a unique opportunity for researchers to become part of our scholarly publishing community over three months, helping us to gain a better understanding of authors, and especially those voices usually underrepresented within our sector.”

“International STM Publishing in China: State of the Market Report 2023” Unveils Insights for Publishers and Publisher Service Providers Worldwide

Clarke & Esposito is pleased to announce the release of “International STM Publishing in China: State of the Market Report 2023” – developed in collaboration with Osmanthus Consulting. This analysis of China’s rapidly evolving scientific, technical, and medical (STM) journals sector provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for publishers and publisher service providers working in this critically important market.

Authored by industry expert Nicko Goncharoff of Osmanthus Consulting and Clarke & Esposito, the report examines recent developments within China’s scholarly ecosystem and their implications. Key areas of focus include:

  • China’s recent publishing sector and research assessment reforms
  • The China Journal Excellence Action Plan (CJEAP)
  • The emergence and threat of Chinese journal warning lists
  • Trends in open access (OA) and funding in China
  • The potential impacts of a national OA policy in China
  • Risks and opportunities for international STM publishers
  • How international publishers can best position themselves in the China STM market

“China will remain an important market for international scholarly publishers, but it will be more challenging to operate there – and profit margins will come under pressure,” noted Nicko Goncharoff. “To get the most out of this market one needs a solid strategy for engaging local stakeholders, understanding the policy and competitive landscape, and addressing the unique needs of Chinese authors.”

International STM Publishing in China: State of the Market Report 2023” is available for purchase.

Read key takeaways in a Q&A with report co-author Nicko Goncharoff on the C&E Perspectives blog.

Royal Society of Chemistry Signs up for Chronoshub Journal Guide

The RSC is proud to have signed Read & Publishing agreements with institutions in 32 countries. And while more choice can be a positive for researchers, the RSC understands that having agreements with different publishers can mean it is increasingly difficult for authors to keep track of which journals their article processing charges are covered in. The ChronosHub Journal Guide addresses this, by allowing authors to select their institution, and subsequently being advised which journals are covered by their agreement, and if not, which prices apply. 

The service will go live for authors at the end of June 2023.

In addition to providing information on agreement eligibility, it will allow authors to search and filter all RSC journals by a variety of criteria, so that authors can find the best journal to submit to. Funder compliance is also flagged after the selection of a funder.  

]u[ Ubiquity Launch Four New Repositories

]u[ Ubiquity are pleased to announce the official launch of four new ]u[ Ubiquity Repositories; The Paul Smith’s College Libraries Institutional RepositoryHobart and William Smith Repository for Institutional Scholarship Exploration (RISE)The Nazareth University Repository, and Le Moyne College’s Research Repository

These four repositories have been set up as part of an agreement between the Empire State Library Network (ESLN) and ]u[ Ubiquity Repositories. Members of ESLN have the opportunity to set up a next-generation, cloud-hosted institutional repository on ]u[ Ubiquity’s open source repository platform, at a highly affordable price negotiated by ESLN. This will include unique features, such as a multi-tenancy feature allowing content from ESLN repositories to be connected into repository ecosystems, enabling cross-search functionality amongst them. Through this arrangement, even smaller institutions without technical resources have the opportunity to set up a high-quality repository, to collect, preserve, and disseminate their research output, and enhance their institution’s professional and academic reputation.

See below for a testimonial from Paul Smith’s College:

“We’re having a good experience so far with the ESLN AIR group & Ubiquity software. It’s great that ESLN has done such a good job negotiating a competitive rate for the software. It’s critical to have the outputs of student research in a safe, stable and reliable software platform and we think that the Ubiquity repository will provide all these things for our student research, with plenty of scope to grow our efforts in areas we’ve never been able to before, especially around faculty research, data produced by coursework and academic departments and any number of future possibilities.’

]u[ Ubiquity is excited to see these repositories continue to grow, and to facilitate these institutions showcasing their intellectual output, at all stages of the research lifecycle. We are expecting an uplift in the volume of content available on these repositories very soon. 

Learn more about ]u[ Ubiquity Repositories.

Welcoming two new journals to the PLOS portfolio: PLOS Mental Health and PLOS Complex Systems

PLOS today is announcing that it will soon launch two new journals: PLOS Mental Health and PLOS Complex Systems. PLOS sees these new journals as an opportunity to give evolving research communities opportunities to forge a new path for research in the field. Whether that means welcoming new ways of sharing research transparently or cementing new policies that enable research to be evaluated and rewarded more fairly, or simply finding a broader audience where research can make a greater real-world impact.

PLOS Mental Health provides a dedicated venue for all mental health research, connecting global experts from a broad range of disciplines and addressing challenges and gaps in the field of mental health research, treatment, and care in ways that put the lived experience of individuals first. This is an inclusive, peer-reviewed journal ensuring all ethical and rigorous research is shared openly to drive meaningful progress toward improved health and well-being around the world.

We are also pleased to announce that Charlene Sunkel and Rochelle Burgess as our Editors-in-Chief of PLOS Mental Health.

“I am excited to join PLOS which recognizes the value of people with lived experience of mental health conditions as key partners in producing research that are relevant and impactful,” said Charlene Sunkel, Editor-in-Chief, PLOS Mental Health. “This journal will bring research not only to the scientific community, but to the broader stakeholder community who are able to utilize evidence in efforts to promote and protect mental health and the well-being of all people.”

“This journal is launching at a time when we are witnessing a huge disruption in the status quo. Most importantly, a challenge to whose voices and whose knowledge counts in mental health, and the sciences more broadly,” said Rochelle Burgess, Editor-in-Chief, PLOS Mental Health.  “With the launch ofthis journal, we have an opportunity to chart a new course for the ways in which mainstream and critical mental health perspectives are in dialogue with each other, which will have such positive implications for mental health policy and practice globally. It is an absolute dream to be a part of this from day one.”

PLOS Complex Systems will bring together impactful research that facilitates understanding of complex systems at the heart of the world we live in. This will be a truly transdisciplinary journal, welcoming research from any field that examines phenomena through a lens of complex relationships and models that track, measure, and predict outcomes. By bringing this research together and working with the research community to shape Open Science practices, we hope to empower researchers to share their work in ways that inspire ideas and accelerate progress while cross-fertilizing knowledge that enable solutions to fundamental challenges facing our society today.

Hocine Cherifi will serve as Editor-in-Chief of PLOS Complex Systems. Hocine will be joined by another Editor-in-Chief who will be named later this year.

“I am thrilled to be part of the launch of PLOS Complex Systems, a significant step forward in understanding the intricacies of our world. This journal has the power to break down disciplinary boundaries and encourage researchers to approach problems holistically, said Hocine Cherifi, Editor-in-Chief, PLOS Complex Systems. “I am excited to be on this journey as we uncover profound insights and drive innovation across multiple fields. Together, we have the opportunity to shape the future of complex systems research and make a lasting impact on scientific understanding and societal progress.”

Our new journals will encourage open-sharing behaviors that support rigor, reproducibility, and rapid dissemination of research. As with all PLOS journals, we’ll offer opportunities for authors to share preprints, improve access to data and transparency of methodologies, and choose to publish their peer reviews. Open Science Indicators will allow us to establish benchmarks for open-sharing behaviors in these fields for the first time, and to track changes over time to test whether our solutions are working.

“I’m really excited to deepen our work with the research communities and stakeholders who will be a part of these journals. We have worked intentionally with these communities of researchers who have shared a need for venues that do more than help researchers share their work,” said Rebecca Kirk, Publisher, Portfolio Development, PLOS. “Our journals will provide a space for experts of different disciplines to come together, to spark important discussions, and to explore and shape Open Science practices that will drive the field forward.”

A key element of expanding openness for PLOS is in bringing diverse voices together. Inclusivity and equity are core to a strong foundation of Open Science, and we need to hear from all perspectives to make science, the process of publishing science, and the solutions science inspires, more robust. PLOS Mental Health and PLOS Complex Systems will strive to represent research from local experts around the world, and from across various disciplines.

EDP Sciences and ESO Enhance Research Discoverability with Direct Links between Astronomy & Astrophysics and ESO Telescope Bibliography Records

EDP Sciences, in collaboration with the European Southern Observatory (ESO) is delighted to announce the introduction of links between Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) articles and corresponding ESO datasets. This initiative establishes A&A as the first major astronomy journal to feature such links, significantly enhancing research discoverability and facilitating a more comprehensive reader experience.

The ESO Telescope Bibliography (ESO telbib), a longstanding resource developed and curated by the ESO Library, Documentation and Information Services (LDIS) department, references articles published in the major astronomy journals that utilize ESO data. Now, the A&A publication platform, maintained by EDP Sciences, integrates direct links to the associated datasets at ESO telbib by leveraging its API. This development offers researchers approximately 8000 links to ESO data, enabling them to explore and analyze the linked data seamlessly.

By simply following the “ESO data at telbib”* links on the A&A publishing platform, readers can easily access the corresponding datasets. This integration expands upon EDP Sciences’ existing provision of direct links to essential astronomy databases, including the NASA ADS Abstract Service and the CDS (Strasbourg astronomical Data Center).

New ScioWire Widget: the short-cut to research teasers

Today, SciencePOD launches the beta version of its research newsfeed ScioWirebeta now available in its Widget edition.

The needs of knowledge economy professionals are changing. Researchers, clinicians, healthcare professionals, consultants,  research funders, investors,  and journalists, all need to quickly access research results to keep up with the latest developments, selected from the 2.5 million new research papers, appearing every year.

ScioWire offers newsfeeds, made up of structured summaries, that are designed to augment the discovery capabilities of knowledge economy professionals. They draw an audience’s attention to key aspects of the original research, yielding much faster access to its core discoveries than the full-text article and a more complete view than the abstract alone.

Newsfeeds can either display contextualised summaries of the latest open research findings or summaries of papers from selected research collections.

The ScioWirebeta Widget means less time searching and more time for their core activities.

Specifically, the ScioWirebeta Widget offers:

  • Convenience –custom newsfeeds delivering summaries of the latest relevant research.
  • Awareness> – research monitoring and productivity for individual researchers, doctors or clinicians.
  • Engagement –a new way for innovative businesses to highlight new clinical and scientific discoveries and engage their target audiences.
  • Flexibility – an agile tool that can be embedded in any website with a few lines of code.

The ScioWirebeta Widget brings the latest clinical research to both researchers and healthcare professionals, in a targeted, engaging way, using:

  • Source selection –select the original studies to be turned into summaries —whether Open Access or from other select sources—to create bespoke feeds.
  • Push techniques – fully customisable searches and filters help design personalised newsfeed pushing relevant research information from Open Access or select journals.
  • Pull technology – on-demand summarisation saves time, allowing users to engage and choose the research papers they need to summarise.
  • Language preference: adapt the feed to the users’ preferred language via automated translation.<

The ScioWirebeta Widget is an essential tool for individuals and organisations working with busy knowledge professionals, delivering the evidence they need and ensuring no updates are missed. If you are an innovative organisation, find out how the ScioWirebeta Widget can boost customer engagement on your chosen website. Contact: editor@sciencepod.net Register for a free trial here: https://www.sciowire.com

About ScioWirebeta

ScioWirebeta takes research summaries to the next level.

Each entry in the newsfeeds combines a straight summary of the research paper with contextual information and highlights from the source paper that answer key questions (who/when/where/what/how/future work).

Each summary also improves language accessibility with lay definitions, elucidated acronyms and significant keywords.

These summaries are no substitute for the full text. Instead, they serve as teasers to help busy readers decide whether or not to read the full paper.

IOP Publishing extends co-review policy to entire owned journal portfolio, delivering a collaborative and supportive experience for all reviewers 

IOP Publishing (IOPP) is rolling-out a new co-review policy across its entire owned journal portfolio as part of its commitment to ensuring an inclusive and supportive review process.  

Early career researchers (ECRs) often support more experienced academics by contributing ideas or comments to peer review reports. Yet, according to a survey, 70% of ECRs say that their name was withheld from the editorial staff after they served as a reviewer or co-reviewer on a report, and they received no official recognition for their work.  

IOPP’s co-review policy, which follows an initial trial across three journals, means that reviewers can formally invite a colleague to collaborate with them. By legitimising the co-review practice, ECRs gain hands-on peer review experience, guidance from a mentor and credit for their contributions. It also helps to expand the reviewer pool and provides experienced reviewers with the opportunity to support aspiring researchers while helping to alleviate their reviewing pressures.  

When receiving an invitation to review a manuscript, researchers will now be offered the chance to ‘delegate with co-review’ and their chosen colleague will receive a formal invitation to join the review.  The co-reviewer will then receive official recognition for their work through the Web of Science Reviewer Recognition Service.  

Laura Feetham, Reviewer Engagement Manager at IOP Publishing, says: “We have listened to our reviewers, and we know from our interviews with early career researchers that the lack of recognition for their reviews is a source of frustration. Extending our policy to all our proprietary journals brings a solution and we are excited about the positive change this can bring. Legitimising co-reviewing will help to increase the size and diversity of our reviewer pool, making the peer review process more transparent, and addressing ethical concerns around reviewer recognition.” 

IOPP’s Peer Review Excellence training and certification programme is another example of its commitment to increasing trust and standardising the quality of the peer review process. Launched in 2020, it is completely free and helps ECRs to review with confidence through a blend of digital learning. ‘IOP trusted reviewer status’ can be achieved, demonstrating the ability to constructively critique scientific literature to an exceptional standard. 

Researchers interested in becoming become part of the IOP Publishing community of reviewers and opt-in for co-review can find out more here. 

New Nature Index data shows China on top for natural sciences as US leads on health sciences research

For the second year running, China sees the largest increase in research output among top-ten countries. The Nature Index Annual Tables reveal the institutions that have helped China surpass the United States as the leading country in the natural sciences. 

The 2023 Nature Index Annual Tables examine the institutions and countries that contributed most to high-quality research published in 2022. The tables, released today, show that in the natural sciences China has moved above the United States to take the top spot. In the health sciences – included for the first time – the US is the leading nation. 

China has moved from second place to first for its overall contribution to research in the four natural sciences categories (physical sciences, chemistry, biological sciences**, and Earth and environmental sciences) covered by Nature Index, as measured by Share. With a 21.4% growth in adjusted Share compared with 2021, China had the largest increase among the top ten countries in the Annual Tables.

Share, Nature Index’s signature metric, measures contributions to research publications included in the database by taking account of the proportion of authors on an article with an affiliation at a particular location. Adjusted Share allows for a small annual variation in the total number of articles in the Nature Index.

China’s dominance in the natural-sciences categories is also apparent in the institutional tables:

  • Six of the ten leading institutions are Chinese – alongside two from the United States and one each from France and Germany, respectively
  • For the eleventh consecutive year since the Index was established, the Chinese Academy of Sciences leads with a Share of 2,054 in 2022. This is a distant lead over Harvard University, in second place with a Share of 813, and Germany’s Max Planck Society, in third place with a Share of 682
  • In Earth and environmental science, Sun Yat-sen University has seen growth of more than 50% in adjusted Share from 2021 to 2022
  • Fudan has seen a rise of 65% in Biological Sciences
  • And Chinese institutions make up 18 of the top 20 institutions in chemistry

Whilst China’s research output has taken the lead from the United States, the US is still a commanding presence in the tables. Both the US and China have 19 institutions among the leading 50 in the natural-sciences categories.

For the first time this year, the Nature Index database now includes articles from 64 medical journals so users can track trends in the health sciences*. Within this area, the United States has a sizable lead, with a Share of 5,352, which is more than four times the Share of China (1,287), in second place. 

  • Fifteen of the Top 20 institutions in the health-sciences category are from the United States
  • Harvard University leads with a share of 487, followed by the National Institutes of Health, in second place with a Share of 188
  • Only Canada, China, Sweden and the United Kingdom feature alongside US institutions in the Top 20

Commenting on this year’s Index, David Swinbanks, Founder of the Nature Index, said: “Trends in the Nature Index Annual Tables in recent years pointed to it being a matter of when, not if, China’s research investment saw them overtake the United States in the natural sciences. The size of their growth across 2021 to 2022 meant falls elsewhere were inevitable and we can see it across the other leading nations. China’s strength there however has not impacted health sciences, where the United States dominates the global field.

“Outside of China and the United States we are seeing a mixed global picture. We have seen significant drops in Latin American countries, with Brazil, Chile and Mexico all seeing large Share falls. There were also double-digit drops in adjusted Share for Australia, down 14%, Singapore, which fell by 15% and Russia, which dropped by 17%.”

Subscribe to Open 2023 Transparency Report for maths journals provides expanded metrics and analysis, marking the third year of commitment to transparency

We are delighted to release the Subscribe to Open (S2O) 2023 Transparency Report for our mathematics journals* co-published by EDP Sciences and the Société de Mathématiques Industrielles et Appliquées (SMAI). Following the announcement that the journals will continue to publish in open access in 2023, this report marks our third consecutive year of providing this comprehensive overview, reinforcing our commitment to transparency. By presenting a detailed analysis of metrics such as subscription prices, subscription renewals, costs, and usage data, it offers a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of the S2O initiative for these titles.

“By consistently providing this wealth of financial information and other metrics, our aim is to empower librarians and stakeholders with the necessary information to make well-informed decisions regarding the model,” said Anne Ruimy, Senior Publisher for Mathematics titles at EDP Sciences. She added, “While we are making steady progress towards achieving financial sustainability, the program relies on the ongoing support of institutions to subscribe to the journals that are valued by their researchers.”

The 2023 edition of the report goes beyond the metrics published in previous reports, providing more detailed insights into costs, usage data, and effects of S2O on downloads. Within the report, we update information on the partnership with Knowledge Unlatched, the exceptional revenue received from the Fonds National pour la Science Ouverte (FNSO) and the CNRS, as well as the invaluable contributions made by the Advisory Committee in governing the S2O program.

We invite you to explore the complete 2023 Transparency Report and more detailed information is available to interested libraries on request.

*The six mathematics journals published in open access in 2023 under the S2O programme are: ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of VariationsESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical AnalysisESAIM: Probability and StatisticsMathematical Modelling of Natural PhenomenaRAIRO – Operations Research and RAIRO – Theoretical Informatics and Applications. All the journals are published by EDP Sciences in partnership with SMAI except for RAIRO – Theoretical Informatics and Applications which is published by EDP Sciences only.

Enago Charlesworth Group announces sales partnership with CEPIEC’s SocoPay for China payment processing for Scite and academic publishers

Enago Charlesworth has secured a strategic partnership with SocoPay, a payment gateway processing platform operated by the China Educational Publications Import & Export Corporation Ltd (CEPIEC). The partnership will support Enago Charlesworth’s partner publishers to offer a simplified, local payment option to their Chinese customers.

The CEPIEC platform enables researchers to pay locally in China for the collaborated publishers’ APCs and research tools through the preferred Chinese online payment methods, AliPay and WeChat Pay, and receive a local fapiao invoice.

Scite Sales in China

Currently, Enago Charlesworth is using SocoPay to manage the B2C sales processing of Scite’s research tools in China. This collaboration allows Chinese researchers to access and purchase Scite’s cutting-edge research tools while expanding their global reach. Researchers can purchase Scite via the cwauthors.com.cn platform with payment processing through SocoPay.

“We are thrilled to announce a deeper partnership with Enago Charlesworth. Scite has experienced explosive growth in individual subscriptions but has always faced challenges in certain regions, such as China. With this partnership, we can ensure a seamless payment processing solution for researchers and students in China” said Josh Nicholson, co-founder and CEO of Scite.

“Charlesworth is excited to be an official partner of CEPIEC. The integration of SocoPay provides an excellent solution for payment processing for publishers in China, helping to improve the publisher-author relationship, as well as making it easier for researchers to purchase tools such as Scite,” said Andrew Smith, Product & Marketing Director at Charlesworth Group.

SocoPay Service

CEPIEC’s SocoPay also offers seamless payment process for APCs. Through this partnership, Enago Charlesworth can offer the APC processing solution to publishers, helping them provide an improved author experience in China through local payment and invoicing. The solution can be fully integrated into a publisher’s workflow with support and consultation provided by Enago Charlesworth.

“CEPIEC is delighted to work with Charlesworth, to provide a reliable and secure payment solution to publishers in China. This partnership will also help to promote the availability and accessibility of research tools within China,” said Jianfeng Zheng, Deputy Director of Digital Department. from CEPIEC.

Enago Charlesworth’s partnership with SocoPay is a significant step towards expanding the availability and accessibility of research tools within China. With Charlesworth’s extensive expertise in publishing services and SocoPay’s reliable payment processing solutions, this collaboration helps to streamline the B2C sales process, and enhance research capabilities and the processing of APCs within China.